Real-time monitoring systems and methods in a healthcare environment

ABSTRACT

An apparatus for real time monitoring of a patient is provided and includes a memory element for storing data, a processor that executes instructions associated with the data, an interface that receives sensor data from a sensor that takes measurements from the patient and sends the sensor data according to the sensor&#39;s measurement latency, a latency calculator that frequently calculates a latency threshold that varies according to at least a health status of the patient, a timer that continuously monitors the sensor&#39;s measurement latency, a comparator that frequently compares the sensor&#39;s measurement latency with the calculated latency threshold, and a feedback module that automatically changes the sensor&#39;s measurement latency to match with the calculated latency threshold.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/730,775, filed on Dec. 30, 2019, entitled REAL-TIME MONITORINGSYSTEMS AND METHODS IN A HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT, which is a continuationof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/410,939, filed on May 13, 2019,now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,517,480 on Dec. 31, 2019, and entitledREAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS IN A HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/146,974,filed on Sep. 28, 2018, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,285,592 on May14, 2019, and entitled REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS IN AHEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/835,709, filed on Aug. 26, 2015, now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 10,111,591 on Oct. 30, 2018, and entitled REAL-TIMEMONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS IN A HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT, whichrelates to and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/042,110, filed onAug. 26, 2014, and entitled REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEMS AND METHODS,the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates in general to the field of healthcare systemsand, more particularly, to systems and methods related to real timemonitoring in a healthcare environment.

BACKGROUND

The background description includes information that may be useful inunderstanding the present disclosure. It is not an admission that any ofthe information provided herein is prior art or relevant to thedisclosure, or that any publication specifically or implicitlyreferenced is prior art.

Real-time monitoring of a patient or potential patient data can becrucial during times of a medical crisis. A difference of a few minutesor even seconds could mean the difference between life and death of thepatient, or the difference between a brain-dead patient and a patientthat is merely unconscious. As a result, a multitude of real-timemonitoring sensors and systems have been developed to ensure that apatient's vitals are reported to appropriate entities in real-time.

For example, certain implantable medical devices periodically test apatient's vital stats to ensure that the current record of the patient'sstats are always up to date. The medical device regularly polls thepatient's stats at the same time every day. However, the system mayover-test and over-report a patient's vital signs within time periodsthat are too short, wasting log space and possibly shortening thelifespan (i.e., loss of battery life) of the device by performing toomany tests within an unnecessarily short period.

In another example, a monitoring sensor is implanted in the toilet ofthe patient. Whenever the patient urinates, the sensor tests thepatient's urine to report the patient's vital information. Such asystem, however, depends upon the patient's waste management schedule.If the patient doesn't need to eliminate waste, or uses a differenttoilet, extended periods of time may occur between testing cycles,making the reporting data unreliable.

In yet another example, a sensor system detects when a sensor is unableto report information, and during that interlude reports an estimatedsensor value extrapolated from past sensor trend data. The estimatedsensor value, however, may not be entirely accurate and violates theconcept of real-time monitoring, since some vital information is noteasily predicted using trends, especially during times of a medicalemergency.

In yet another example, a sensor is embedded within a probe deliverydevice, ensuring that sensor data is created virtually as the probes arecollected from the patient's body. Not all sensors, however, can beintegrated into a patient's body to ensure that data is gathered sorapidly. Some sensors will inevitably have long periods of time inbetween collection periods.

In yet another example, a system collects sensor data at a rapid rate,ensuring that all data is at most 10 minutes old, and at times ensuringthat all data is at most 0.1 seconds old. Again, some sensors may not beable to be configured to collect data at 0.1 second intervals, and thereare some vital signs that don't need to be checked so often.

In yet another example, a real-time system monitors a patient inradiation therapy. The system refreshes the data collection in real-time(e.g., a time period that is not humanly discernible). Even if datacollection is humanly discernible, however, some data need not be testedso many times in a row. Some vital signs could be tested every 0.1second, while other vital stats could be checked every day or so.

Thus, there is still a need for systems and methods that ensurereal-time data collection, which medical professionals could use todictate when data is collected rapidly enough to be considered real-timefor targeted intents or purposes.

All publications identified herein are incorporated by reference to thesame extent as if each individual publication or patent application werespecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.Where a definition or use of a term in an incorporated reference isinconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein,the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definitionof that term in the reference does not apply.

SUMMARY

An apparatus for real time monitoring of a patient is provided andincludes a memory element for storing data, a processor that executesinstructions associated with the data, an interface that receives sensordata from a sensor that takes measurements from the patient and sendsthe sensor data according to the sensor's measurement latency, a latencycalculator that frequently calculates a latency threshold that variesaccording to at least a health status of the patient, a timer thatcontinuously monitors the sensor's measurement latency, a comparatorthat frequently compares the sensor's measurement latency with thecalculated latency threshold, and a feedback module that automaticallychanges the sensor's measurement latency to match with the calculatedlatency threshold. Thus, the disclosed system is able to adaptively orcontextually determine the requirements or conditions for real-timemonitoring of a patient or patient data.

As used herein, the term “latency” refers to a time delay determined atthe apparatus between two consecutive measurements transmitted by thesensor. The sensor's measurement latency as determined at the apparatuscan be influenced by (i) an inherent delay at the sensor betweenmeasuring a health parameter of the patient, processing it intotransmittable sensor data, and transmitting the sensor data, and (ii)network latency inherent in a communication channel (e.g., wireless,Ethernet, optical fiber, etc.) between the apparatus and the sensor. Forexample, the sensor may measure a blood pressure of the patient; adigital signal processor at the sensor may convert analog readings ofthe blood pressure into digital data; a network interface card at thesensor may convert the digital data into network communication packets—atime delay may be inherent in these processes at the sensor. Inaddition, in some embodiments, the communication packets may betransmitted by the sensor across a wireless interface to the apparatus;the wireless medium may inherently add latency to the communication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To provide a more complete understanding of the present disclosure andfeatures and advantages thereof, reference is made to the followingdescription, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, whereinlike reference numerals represent like parts, in which:

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a system for real timemonitoring according to an example embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating example details of thesystem according to an embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram illustrating other example detailsof the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4A is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4B is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4C is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 4D is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating yet other exampledetails of the system according to an embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram illustrating example details of thesystem according to an embodiment; and

FIG. 8 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating example operations thatmay be associated with an embodiment of the system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENT

Turning to FIG. 1, FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating asystem 10 according to an example embodiment. The disclosure hereinprovides apparatus, systems and methods in which a computer system isconfigured to examine information collected by sensors monitoring apatient and determine whether the sensor data is collected rapidlyenough to be considered “real-time” information. A sensor 12 monitors apatient (not shown), and generates sensor data 14 comprisingmeasurements of one or more health parameters of the patient. Examplesof sensor 12 include global positioning system (GPS) locators, pulse andblood pressure monitors, pulse oximeters, galvanometers, blood glucosemonitors, body temperature monitors, and catheter monitors. By way ofexamples, and not as limitations, sensor data 14 can include locationinformation, pulse information, blood pressure information, bloodchemical concentration level information, body temperature information,respiration level information, and fluid level information. Sensors 12could be configured to be attached or implanted into the patient, orcould be located within the vicinity of the patient, such as a room thatthe patient uses on a regular basis.

Sensor 12 transmits sensor data 14 to an adapter 16 according to ameasurement latency of sensor 12; adapter 16 receives sensor data 14over an interface 18. Sensor data 14 may be transmitted via any suitablecommunication medium in different embodiments, for example using wired(e.g., RS-232, Ethernet, USB, etc.) or wireless signals (e.g., WUSB,Bluetooth®, WiFi, WiGIG, WiMAX, etc.) received by a transmitter,printouts read by a scanner, tissue or bodily fluid samples tested by alab, or information input from a nurse or doctor into the system using acomputer user interface. In some embodiments, one or more interfaces aretypically used as a bridge to help transmit sensor data 14 fromsensor(s) 12 to one or more computer systems.

In a general sense, because information collection systems inherentlyhave a delay, adapter 16 includes a latency calculator 20 thatdetermines how much of a delay is acceptable to be consideredinformation that has been collected in ‘real time.’ The threshold forthis delay is referred to herein as “latency threshold” 22 possibly withrespect to a targeted intent or purpose. Latency calculator 20frequently calculates latency threshold 22 for sensor data 14. A timer24 monitors time of receipt of sensor data 14 at adapter 16 and therebysubstantially continuously monitors sensor 12's measurement latency. Insome embodiments, timer 24 monitors sensor 12's measurement latencybased in two consecutive receipts of sensor data 14, among multiplemeasurements (e.g., rolling average over N difference measurements,etc.), based on slopes of measurement rates, or other factors. In anexample embodiment, timer 24 monitors frequency of incoming sensor data14 (e.g., in the form of sensor pulses) from sensor 12. In a generalsense, latency threshold 22 indicates a threshold or criterion, whereany measurement latency at or above latency threshold 22 (or otherwisefails to satisfies the criteria), is considered unacceptable and anymeasurement latency below latency threshold 22 (or otherwise satisfiesthe criteria), is considered acceptable. Measurement latency and latencythreshold 22 could be defined in units of time, such as microseconds,milliseconds, seconds, minutes, or hours. A comparator 26 frequentlycompares the sensor's measurement latency with calculated latencythreshold 22. Sensor data 14 that is received at adapter 16 withinlatency threshold 22 could be considered “real-time” information,whereas sensor data 14 that is received at adapter 16 after latencythreshold 22 has lapsed could be considered “retrospective” information.

A feedback module 28 may provide feedback according to the comparison atcomparator 26. For example, if sensor data 14 is retrospectiveinformation, feedback module 28 may automatically change sensor 12'smeasurement latency to match with calculated latency threshold 22. Inanother example embodiment, if sensor data 14 is retrospectiveinformation, feedback module 28 may generate an alert at an alert userinterface 30. Various other feedback actions may be facilitatedaccording to the broad scope of the embodiments.

In various embodiments, adapter 16 may be provisioned with firmware 32that can provide various functionalities as described herein. In oneexample embodiment, firmware 32 includes an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) programmed with latency calculator 20,comparator 26, and feedback module 28 with associated memory for storingcalculated latency threshold 22. A processor 34 may provide processingfunctionalities not included in firmware 32. A memory element 36 maycomprise various memory storage functions of adapter 16. In anotherexample embodiment, firmware 32 may comprise a volatile memory thatincludes instructions for executing functionalities of latencycalculator 20, comparator 26, and feedback module 28 with associatedmemory for storing calculated latency threshold 22. Processor 34 mayexecute the instructions from firmware 32 appropriately. In an exampleembodiment, adapter 16 may comprise or be an integral part of, the NantHealth, LLC, HBox® device. In some embodiments, adapter 16 could includeone or more computer systems operating according to the Nant Health,LLC, DeviceConX™ software platform.

In various embodiments, adapter 16 may communicate with a database 38over a network 40 through a clinical operating system (cOS™) 42,possibly offered by Nant Health, LLC (see URLnanthealth.com/cos-clinical-operating-system). In various embodiments,cOS 42 executes on a server 44 in network 40 remote from adapter 16.Example suitable cOS 42 that can be suitably adapted for use with thedisclosed subject matter includes those described by U.S. Pat. No.8,689,008, and U.S. pre-grant publications 2011/0313787, 2013/0054272,2013/0144653, 2013/0166317, 2013/0304512, and 2013/0304496, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.Database 38 may provide various patient health status factors 46, usingwhich latency calculator 20 at adapter 16 can determine latencythreshold 22. In various embodiments, the patient health statuscomprises a data construct of an aggregate of health conditions,population characteristics, diseases, symptoms, medications and medicalstatus of the patient, indicative of a context of measurements by sensor12. An administration user interface 48 may interface with adapter 16through cOS 42 to provide various latency calculation settings 50.

In various embodiments, patient health status factors 46 may includevarious parameters and corresponding values that influence latencythreshold 22. By way of examples, and not as limitations, patient healthstatus factors 46 include patient location, patient disease or healthcondition (e.g., diabetes, heart disease, etc. for example, formatted asInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related HealthProblems (ICD-9 codes)), physician location, clinical pathwaysassociated with the patient, patient's treatment regimen, genomic healthindicators, demographic information and contextual information relevantto sensor data 14 (e.g., patient in emergency room following cardiacarrest; patient checking fasting blood sugar at home according to dailyhealth regimen; patient on a regular exercise walk; patient in maternityward about to have a C-section; etc.). Virtually any suitable parameterthat affects a health status of the patient could be included in patienthealth status factors 46.

In various embodiments, latency calculation settings 50 may providevariables, values, or algorithms for calculating latency threshold 22.In one example embodiment, latency calculations settings 50 may indicatethat latency threshold 22 be calculated as a function of one or more ofpatient health status factors 46 and a type of the sensor data 14 beingcollected. For example, latency threshold 22 of blood sugar measurementfor a patient without diabetes may be 30 minutes, whereas latencythreshold 22 of blood sugar measurement for another patient withdiabetes may be 10 minutes. In another example, latency threshold 22 ofblood pressure measurement for a patient at a trauma center may be 5minutes, whereas latency threshold 22 of blood pressure measurement fora patient monitoring her general health at her home may be 1 week.

In some embodiments, latency calculation settings 50 may indicateseveral latency thresholds for sensor 12, allowing for granulatedfeedback (e.g., alerts). For example, a heartbeat sensor could beassociated with a ‘yellow’ latency threshold of 10 seconds, an ‘orange’latency threshold of 30 seconds, and a ‘red’ latency threshold of 1minute, where the color indicates a level of urgency or importance.

In some embodiments, latency calculation settings 50 may indicatecontextual information (e.g., time, location, area congestion,demographic, genomic information, health trends, user preferences, etc.)for latency threshold calculations. For example, latency threshold 22for a patient next to a sports stadium may be lower than latencythreshold 22 for the patient next to a freeway entrance. In anotherexample, latency threshold 22 for a patient in the urgent care wing of ahospital may be higher than latency threshold 22 for the patient in anoutpatient area. In some embodiments, latency calculation settings 50may indicate that latency calculator 22 take into consideration thelocation of the patient relative to a nearest healthcare provider. Forexample, latency threshold 22 for a patient located 5 minutes away fromthe nearest acceptable doctor may be higher than latency threshold 22for another patient located 30 minutes away from the nearest acceptabledoctor.

In some embodiments, adapter 16 may interface with more than one sensor12. In such embodiments, latency calculation settings 50 may indicatethat latency calculator 20 take into consideration the type of sensordata 14. For example, blood sugar measurement latency threshold may behigher than pulse measurement latency threshold. In another example,latency calculation settings 50 may indicate a dependence of latencythreshold for one sensor on latency threshold for another sensor. Forexample, where sensor data from a first sensor affects sensor data froma second sensor, latency threshold 22 for the first sensor may be lowerthan latency threshold 22 for the second sensor.

In some embodiments, latency calculation settings 50 may configurelatency calculator 20 to add or subtract a buffer latency to calculatedlatency threshold 22. The buffer latency could be associated with thepatient and be stored as part of the patient's health status in database38 in some embodiments. In other embodiments, buffer latency could beassociated with a healthcare provider or location and provided toadapter 16 as part of latency calculation settings 50. Buffer latencymay be provided in some embodiments where adapter 16 does not havesufficient processing capabilities to compute buffer latency based onnetwork settings and other variables.

In some embodiments, a user, such as a doctor or other healthcareprofessional, can tweak one or more latency calculation settings 50,including buffer latency, through administration user interface 48. Insome embodiments, administration user interface 48 may provide aselectable menu from which the user can select a set of pre-definedfunctions for each sensor type, and to modify such functions for apatient or type of patient. The functions, including modificationsthereof, may be included in latency calculation settings 50 and can beused to configure (e.g., program, update, etc.) adapter 16.

In some embodiments, feedback module 28 triggers an alert whenmeasurement latency of sensor 12 as measured by frequency of incomingsensor data 14 exceeds calculated latency threshold 22. Any suitablealert mechanism could be used, for example sending a page to ahealthcare provider or displaying an indicator, such as a red light, ona user interface. Such alerts could be transmitted in audio, visual, ortactile form in locations proximal to a patient to locations very faraway from the patient. In some embodiments, alert user interface 30 maybe used to allow the user to configure the type of alert, althoughpre-defined alerts could be programmed into system 10. For example, ifthe sensor's measurement latency falls above latency threshold 22,system 10 could be configured to automatically derive the nearesthealthcare provider and send an alert to that healthcare provider.Feedback module 28 could also trigger an alert when two sensors thatshould be reporting in-sync are out of sync with one another. Forexample, feedback module 28 might be programmed to ensure that thecollection periods of two different sensors are within 20 seconds of oneanother, where a first sensor always collects information prior to asecond sensor collecting information.

One should appreciate that the disclosed techniques provide manyadvantageous technical effects including allowing a plurality ofdefinitions for what is considered “real time,” which may be dependentupon a particular patient's health status instead of on a global numberapplied universally to all patients. Thus, the definition of “real time”directly impacts the functionality of the devices disclosed herein toensure the definition is enforced.

Turning to the infrastructure of system 10, the network topology ofnetwork 40, including the network connecting to adapter 16 and/or sensor12 can include any number of servers, routers, gateways, and other nodesinter-connected to form a large and complex network. A node may be anyelectronic device, client, server, peer, service, application, or otherobject capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information overcommunications channels in a network. Elements of FIG. 1 may be coupledto one another through one or more interfaces employing any suitableconnection (wired or wireless), which provides a viable pathway forelectronic communications. Additionally, any one or more of theseelements may be combined or removed from the architecture based onparticular configuration needs.

System 10 may include a configuration capable of Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) communications for the electronictransmission or reception of data packets in a network. Healthcaremonitoring system 10 may also operate in conjunction with a UserDatagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP) or any other suitableprotocol, where appropriate and based on particular needs. In addition,gateways, routers, switches, and any other suitable nodes (physical orvirtual) may be used to facilitate electronic communication betweenvarious nodes in the network.

Note that the numerical and letter designations assigned to the elementsof FIG. 1 do not connote any type of hierarchy; the designations arearbitrary and have been used for purposes of teaching only. Suchdesignations should not be construed in any way to limit theircapabilities, functionalities, or applications in the potentialenvironments that may benefit from the features of healthcare monitoringsystem 10. It should be understood that system 10 shown in FIG. 1 issimplified for ease of illustration.

The example network environment may be configured over a physicalinfrastructure that may include one or more networks and, further, maybe configured in any form including, but not limited to, local areanetworks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), virtual localarea networks (VLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide areanetworks (WANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), Intranet, Extranet,any other appropriate architecture or system, or any combination thereofthat facilitates communications in a network.

In some embodiments, a communication link may represent any electroniclink supporting a LAN environment such as, for example, cable, Ethernet,wireless technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.11x), ATM, fiber optics, etc. orany suitable combination thereof. In other embodiments, communicationlinks may represent a remote connection through any appropriate medium(e.g., digital subscriber lines (DSL), telephone lines, Tl lines, T3lines, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, cable, Ethernet, etc. or anycombination thereof) and/or through any additional networks such as awide area networks (e.g., the Internet).

In various embodiments, adapter 16 can include computer executableinstructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readablemedia (e.g. adapter firmware 32, including hard drives, optical storagemedia, flash drives, ROM, RAM, etc.) that, when executed by one or moreprocessors (e.g., processor 34), cause the processors to execute thefunctions and processes described herein. In some embodiments, somefunctionalities of adapter 16 may be implemented in a distributedmanner, for example, at server 44 (through cOS 42). In some embodiments,adapter 16 may be generally compatible with any type of sensor, but maybe specifically configured to calculate latency threshold 22 for thespecific type of sensor data 14 from sensor 12 with which it interfaces.In other embodiments, adapter 16 may be configured to be compatible withonly one type of sensor 12, for example, with different adapters fordifferent sensor types. Example devices that may be suitable foradaption according to the disclosed techniques include device serverproduct offerings from Lantronix®, Digi®, or Moxa®. For example, theDigi One SP or the wireless (e.g., 802.11b) Digi Connect Wi-SP deviceservers can be configured with firmware according to the disclosedtechniques.

In various embodiments, cOS 42 may include a suitable operating system(or platform, or other appropriate software) that can federate variousdisparate data (e.g., from health providers, patients, sensors, othermedical devices, etc.), aggregate the data in disparate formats to auniform format (e.g., JSON, YAML, XML based format), and store theuniformly formatted data in a suitable data store (e.g., federatedcentralized database; data store for aggregated data) such as database38 in network 40. cOS 42 may comprise a plurality of self-containedinterconnected modules and service layers for connecting proprietary(and public) systems together and extracting and translating datatherefrom to enable them to cooperate in a software ecosystem whileallowing flexible connections with both existing and new applications.cOS 42 may offer a secure communication tunnel for adapter 16 tointerface with database 38, administration user interface 48 and alertuser interface 30. In some embodiments, cOS 42 can generally allowadapter 16 to interface with various other computer systems and/oradapters in network 40.

Turning to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating exampledetails according to an embodiment of system 10. A hypothetical graph 56shows sensor data 14 plotted against time on the X-axis. Sensor 12'smeasurement latency at time i can be derived as latency(i)=T(i)−T(i−1);in other words, the latency at any instant of time is the timedifference (e.g., time delay) between the time at measurement i and theprevious time at measurement (i−1). Assume that the patient has stablehealth status initially. Latency threshold 22 for the initialmeasurements may be 10 minutes. Thus, sensor 12 may measure the patientevery 10 minutes. Assume that between the measurement at 20 minutes andthe next measurement at 30 minutes, the patient suffers a worseninghealth condition (e.g., blood sugar rises uncontrollably, blood sugardrops precariously, etc.), as indicated by sensor data 14.

In some embodiments, sensor data 14 may be communicated to database 38,which may process sensor data 14, convert into one or more patienthealth status factors 46 and transmit to adapter 16. In otherembodiments, adapter 16 may use sensor data 14 directly to calculatelatency threshold 22. Latency calculator 20 may recalculate latencythreshold 22 to be 2 minutes, rather than 10 minutes, based on thechanging patient's health status. Comparator 26 may compare sensor 12'smeasurement latency of 10 minutes with latency threshold 22 of 2 minutesand identify a discrepancy. Feedback module 28 may alter measurementlatency of sensor 12 to match with latency threshold 22 Sensor 12 maythereafter measure the patient every 2 minutes. Thus, it should beappreciated that latency threshold 22 adapts to the patient context orhealth status context.

Assume that sensor data 14 (and/or other parameters) indicates that thepatient's health status improves at 40 minutes. Latency calculator 20may recalculate latency threshold 22 to be 5 minutes, rather than 2minutes, based on the changing patient's health status. Comparator 26may compare sensor 12's measurement latency of 2 minutes with latencythreshold 22 of 5 minutes and identify a discrepancy. Feedback module 28may alter measurement latency of sensor 12 to match with latencythreshold 22. Sensor 12 may thereafter measure the patient every 5minutes. Thus, latency threshold 22 may be calculated to be a functionof the patient health status (e.g., latency threshold=f₁(patient healthstatus), which in turn may be a function of sensor data (e.g., patienthealth status=f₂(sensor data); latency threshold=f₁(f₂(sensor data))).In various embodiments, measurement latency of sensor 12 may decreasewith worsening health status, and increase with improving health status.In other words, the concept of real-time monitoring may change dependingon the patient's health status.

Turning to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram illustratingexample details according to an embodiment of system 10. Sensor data 14may influence (e.g., affect, change, determine, etc.) patient healthstatus factors 46. In some embodiments, sensor data 14 may affectlatency calculation settings 50. For example, sensor data 14 of bloodsugar of a patient who has hitherto not had a diagnosis of diabetesindicates onset of diabetes; thereafter latency calculation settings 50may be changed to include a location of the nearest dialysis center.Sensor data 14 may affect patient health status factors 46; for example,a suddenly low blood sugar reading may indicate hypoglycemia.

In some embodiments, latency threshold 22 varies according to latencysensitivity factors 58. In an example embodiment, latency sensitivityfactors 58 can include a subset of latency calculation settings 50. Forexample, latency calculation settings 50 may include location ofdialysis center=2 miles from patient location; location of nearestemergency center=5 miles from patient location; latency threshold forheart patient=2 seconds for blood oxygen level readings; etc. Latencysensitivity factors 58 for latency threshold 22 for a blood sugarmonitor sensor 12 may derive therefrom various factors that affect bloodsugar readings and/or latency thresholds thereof, while ignoringsettings of factors that do not affect blood sugar readings and/orlatency thresholds thereof. In another example, latency sensitivityfactors 58 may include functions that affect latency thresholdcalculations; for example, latency sensitivity factors 58 may include alinear function of latency threshold 22 with blood sugar readings; theactual blood sugar readings may be obtained from sensor data 14.

Patient health status factors 46 and latency sensitivity factors 58 maybe input into an implementation of a latency algorithm 60 that outputslatency threshold 22. In some embodiments, latency algorithm 60 may bepre-configured into adapter 16. In other embodiments, latency algorithm60 may be pre-selected by a user and used to configure latencycalculator 20 in adapter 16. Comparator 26 may compare sensor 12'smeasurement latency 62 with calculated latency threshold 22 and generatea feedback 64 that may be used to change sensor's measurement latency 62to match with latency threshold 22. Some embodiments include a rulesinterface (e.g., GUI, user interface, API, etc.) through which astakeholder is able to define or implement rules logic for latencyalgorithm 60. For example, a stakeholder could download a script (e.g.,Python, Lua, Java, C #, etc.) to adapter 16 where the script defines theoperations necessary to calculate latency threshold 22 based oncontextual data, internal or external, available to adapter 16.

Turning to FIGS. 4A-4D, FIGS. 4A-4D are simplified block diagramsillustrating example details of interfaces according to embodiments ofsystem 10. In one example embodiment, as indicated by FIG. 4A, adapter16 may be coupled to sensor 12 over a Universal Serial Bus (USB)interface 18. In another example embodiment, as indicated by FIG. 4B,adapter 16 may be integrated with sensor 12 and communicate with cOS 42over a wireless interface 18. In another example embodiment, asindicated by FIG. 4B, adapter 16 may be integrated with a computingdevice or network element (e.g., switch) and communicate with sensor 12over wireless interface 18. In yet another example embodiment, asindicated by FIG. 4C, adapter 16 may comprise a wireless component thatis connected to a computer 66 over a USB interface and communicate withsensor 12 over a wireless interface 18. In some embodiments, computer 66may communicate with (or be attached to) sensor 12, and adapter 16 maycommunicate with sensor 12 directly through computer 66. In yet anotherembodiment, as indicated by FIG. 4D, adapter 16 may include a wired(e.g., USB) interface 18 and another wireless interface 18. Variousdifferent types of interfaces 18 may be used within the broad scope ofthe embodiments.

Turning to FIG. 5, FIG. 5 is a simplified block diagram illustratingexample details of an embodiment of system 100. The example hardwareschematic indicates a data network 110, a sensor 120 monitoring apatient 122, a computer system 130, a database 140, an alert userinterface 150, and an administration user interface 160. Data network110 functionally connects various computing devices with one anothersuch that data can flow from one device to another. Data network 110comprises a package-switched network, a LAN, a WAN, a VPN, an intranet,an internet, or the Internet network. Data network 110 could compriseany suitable wired or wireless network known in the art using knownprotocols.

Sensor 120 gleans sensor data 14 from patient 122, and transmits sensordata 14 through data network 110 to computer system 130 through a sensorinterface 132. In various embodiments, sensor interface 132 may compriseBluetooth™ connection, WiFi connection, Ethernet connection, serialport, or other electronic data connection. Sensor 120 could comprise anysuitable measuring device that monitors patient 122 and transmits sensordata 14 over data network 110 to computer system 130. In exampleembodiments, sensor 120 may include GPS/WiFi/RFID locators, pulse andblood pressure monitors, blood glucose monitors, body temperaturemonitors, and catheter monitors. In various embodiments, sensor data 14includes location information, pulse information, blood pressureinformation, blood chemical concentration level information, bodytemperature information, respiration level information, and fluid levelinformation. Sensor 120 may be configured to be attached or implantedinto patient 122, or could be located within a room that patient 122uses on a regular basis.

Sensor data 14 transmitted to computer system 130 via sensor interface132 may be processed by computer system 130 to determine a health statusof patient 122, and to determine whether sensor data 14 is in real-time.Computer system 130 has access to database 140, which may comprise anon-transient computer-readable memory storage device that generallyholds relevant information used by computer system 130, such as softwareto perform system functions, health data about one or more patients,including patient 122, configuration data regarding latency thresholds,locations of healthcare providers, abilities of healthcare providers,and other medically relevant data. Computer system 130 automaticallycalculates latency threshold 22 for sensor 120 based upon the type ofsensor data 14 received and the health status of patient 122, monitorsincoming sensor data 14 from sensor 120, and sends an alert to one ormore alert locations if sensor's measurement latency 62 data exceeds thecalculated latency threshold 22. Alert user interface 150 comprises onesuch alert location that computer system 130 sends a triggered alert to.While alert user interface 150 is shown as a portable user interfacefunctionally coupled to data network 110, alert user interface 150 couldbe sent the alert through other communication means without departingfrom the scope of the disclosure.

An administration user interface 160 can configure, update, and gleaninformation from computer system 130 through data network 110. Whilecomputer system 130 generally has a table (e.g., a look-up table) offormulas that are applied to different sensors and to patients ofvarious health statuses, administration user interface 160 could be usedto customize a calculated formula for specific patient 122, or a groupof patients, and/or could be used to add or subtract a buffer latency tothe calculated formula. Administration user interface 160 could also beused to update information on any health status of patient 122, or couldbe used to monitor the real-time status of a plurality of sensors thatare collecting information from patient 122.

Turning to FIG. 6, FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating anexample real-time monitoring system 200. System 200 comprises sensors212, 214, and 216, collection module 220, database module 230, latencymodule 240, alarm module 250, user interface 260, synchronization module270, and a certification module 280. Sensors 212, 214, and 216 monitor apatient (not shown) and are configured to send respective sensor data tocollection module 220 in any suitable manner. For example, sensors 212,214, and 216 could be configured to send information to collectionmodule 220 according to a timer, collection module 220 could beconfigured to instruct sensors 212, 214, and 216 to send data after acertain time period has passed, or collection module 220 could beconfigured to regularly send requests to sensors 212, 214, and 216 inaccordance with a schedule. Collection module 220 generally sends thecollected sensor data to database module 230 to update the patient'shealth status, to latency module 240 to help determine whether thesensor data is in real-time, and to alarm module 250 to help determinewhether an alert needs to be triggered.

In some embodiments, collection module 220 could be configured toreceive or retrieve sensor data from one or more sensors 212, 214, 216via respective sensor interfaces. In some embodiments, collection module220 could be in active mode, configured to send requests for informationfrom sensors 212, 214, 216 at pre-defined intervals. In otherembodiments, collection module 220 could be in passive mode, collectingsensor data 14 from sensors 212, 214, 216 that actively send sensor data14 regularly at pre-defined intervals. In some embodiments, collectionmodule 220 can configure sensors 212, 214, 216, for example configuringa collection time period, measurement latency, or collection samplesize.

User interface 260 may be used to allow a user to administer to system200. For example, user interface 260 could be used to review and updatethe health status of a patient, to review any triggered alerts, todiagnose and update the collection periods of any of sensors 212, 214,or 216, to review and update any algorithms or tables used to calculatelatency threshold 22, or to define a certification schema. In someembodiments, system 200 may be configured with predefined templates tomonitor sensors 212, 214 and 216 and trigger alerts without any userdefinitions, but could be configured to allow a user to modify orredefine algorithms and data used by system 200 without departing fromthe scope of the embodiments.

Database module 230 gleans, stores, and organizes information regardingthe health status of the patient, such as the patient's location,designated health care providers (e.g., designated hospitals, insurancecarriers, medical professionals, etc.), illnesses, medication,allergies, types of sensors monitoring the patient, sensor history,medical history, and responsible party contact information. The healthstatus of the patient could be gleaned from a variety of sources, forexample from computerized patient records, from a user interface throughwhich a health professional inputs data, from past sensor data, or fromhospital 232. In some embodiments, database module 230 may be coupled toa portion of non-transient computer readable memory (e.g., RAM, FLASH,SAN, NAS, HDD, SSD, RAID, etc.) that is dedicated towards organizing andsaving patient information. The data stored by database module 230 couldbe gleaned from sensor data 14 collected by collection module 220.

Latency module 240 calculates latency threshold 22 for each of sensors212, 214, and 216. In some embodiments, latency module 240 could beconfigured to configure a plurality of acceptable sensor measurementlatencies for each sensor 212, 214, and 216, for example a first sensormeasurement latency that would trigger a yellow alert warning and asecond sensor measurement latency that would trigger a red alertwarning. In an example embodiment, latency threshold 22 may be derivedas function of at least the type of sensor data 14 and the health statusof the patient. A latency table could be used by latency module 240 todetermine latency threshold 22, where one axis of the table is the typeof sensor data 14 and the other axis of the table is the health statusof the patient. Such a latency table could be multi-dimensional toconsider other factors, such as the location of the patient, thelocation of the patient relative to the nearest healthcare provider, orsensor data from other sensors.

In other embodiments, numerical algorithms, such as latency algorithm 60could be used to derive the latency threshold for a particular patient.An example numerical algorithm could comprise L=T*S−D, where L=sensormeasurement latency, T=the type of sensor, S=health status, andD=distance from nearest healthcare provider (assuming normalized units).Thus, a type of sensor having a 2 minute standard delay, monitoring thehealth status of a patient having a health status of severity 2 that is30 seconds from the nearest healthcare provider could have a sensormeasurement latency of 2*2−0.5=3.5 minute sensor measurement latency. Onthe other hand, a type of sensor having a 1 minute standard delaymonitoring the health status of a patient having a health status ofseverity 1 that is 45 seconds from the nearest healthcare provider couldhave a sensor measurement latency of 1*1−0.75=0.25 minute, or 15 second,sensor measurement latency. Other suitable algorithms to calculatelatency threshold 22 could be used without departing from the scope ofthe embodiments.

Alarm module 250 triggers an alarm based upon the calculated latencythreshold 22 derived by latency module 240 and the actual sensormeasurement latency gleaned by collection module 220. If the sensormeasurement latency of any of sensors 212, 214, and 216 rises above thecalculated latency threshold 22, alarm 250 triggers an alarm, which maybe sent to an authorized healthcare provider. Such alarms could be sentthrough any suitable means, for example though an email, text message,phone call, indicator light on a remote user interface, or audio sound.

In various embodiments, synchronization module 270 may be configuredsuch that when an alert associated with one of sensors 212, 214 and 216is triggered by alarm module 250, synchronization module 270automatically seeks to redefine the collection time period of sensor212, 214 or 216 in question to prevent such alerts from occurring in thefuture. For example, synchronization module 270 could be configured tohave collection module 220 instruct sensor 212, 214 or 216 in questionto have a shorter collection time period within the bounds of calculatedlatency threshold 22, or synchronization module 270 could arrange tohave a page sent to a technician, instructing that technician tomanually redefine the time period of sensor 212, 214 or 216 in question,or perhaps replace affected sensor 212, 214 or 216. In some embodiments,for example, wherein latency threshold 22 is dependent upon anothersensor (i.e. data from sensor 214 needs to be received within 1 minuteof data from sensor 212) synchronization module 270 is configured tomodify the collection time period of a plurality of sensors in responseto a single triggered alert.

In some embodiments, synchronization module 270 may be coupled to alarmmodule 250 and collection module 220, such that when an alert istriggered, synchronization module 270 automatically sends a command tocollection module 220 to reduce the measurement latencies (e.g., timebetween collection periods) to an acceptable level (e.g., matching withlatency threshold 22). Where two or more sensors 212, 214 or 216 are tobe synched with one another, synchronization module 270 may beconfigured to alter the measurement latency of one or more sensors 212,214 or 216 as a function of the latency threshold and measurementlatency of another one of sensors 212, 214 or 216. In some embodiments,synchronization module 270 can be further configured, for example in adistributed healthcare collection environment, to create apoint-of-collection agent within one or more computing devices. Thepoint-of-collection represents a node where sensor data 14 can becollected together from plurality of sensors 212, 214 and 216 in amutually contemporaneous manner, at least to within latency threshold22. The point-of-collection agent can bundle collected sensor data 14 asa sensor event packet and send it to an analysis module. Thus, system 10can be assured that the sensor event packet represents a proper sensorsnap shot in time.

Certification module 280 is configured to monitor alerts triggered byalert module 250, and to issue a certification when an alert is nottriggered for a threshold amount of time. A plurality of different typesof certifications could be handled by certification module 280. Forexample, a certification could be issued when a single sensor 212, 214or 216 has not triggered an alert for a threshold period of time, acertification could be issued when all sensors 212, 214 and 216monitoring a particular patient have not triggered an alert for athreshold period of time, or a certification could be issued when allsensors 212, 214 or 216 monitoring all patients have not triggered analert for a threshold period of time. A plurality of threshold periodsof time could be defined for a plurality of certifications, such as abronze certification, silver certification, or gold certification. Somecertifications may allow for a few alert triggers, such as acertification that is issued when the number of alerts has stayed belowa threshold number during a threshold period of time (i.e. less than 5alerts all month long), or a certification that is issued when any alertis handled within a threshold period of time during a threshold periodof time (i.e. all alerts handled under 2 hours in all year long).

In some embodiments, certification module 280 issues the certificationwhen an alert fails to trigger within a preconfigured threshold timeperiod. The preconfigured threshold time period may be calculated as afunction of information stored in database module 230, such as pastperformance (e.g., most number of days without an alert) or could bedefined via user interface 260. One or more threshold time periods couldbe defined, allowing for a plurality of certifications. For example, anarea without any triggered alerts for 2 days straight could be issued a“good” certification whereas an area without any triggered alerts for 1week straight could be issued an “excellent” certification. Othercertification methods are contemplated, such as defining a certificationas being dependent upon the longest time an alert has gone uncorrectedwithin the last week, or as being dependent upon the number of repeatedalerts.

Turning to FIG. 7, FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram showing a table 300having an example user interface that shows the status of a real-timemonitoring system. Table 300 shows 4 sensors, the value that is gleanedfrom each sensor, the latency of each sensor (i.e. time that has elapsedsince the last sensor collection period), whether an alert has beentriggered for each sensor, and a level of certification for each sensor.

Turning to FIG. 8, FIG. 8 is a simplified flow diagram illustratingexample operations 500 that may be associated with an embodiment ofsystem 10. At 502, adapter 16 may receive sensor data 14 from sensor 12.At 504, timer 24 may monitor sensor's measurement latency 62. At 506,latency calculator 20 may calculate the patient's health status, forexample, based on patient health status factors 46. At 508, latencycalculator 20 may calculate latency threshold 22. At 510, comparator 26may compare sensor's measurement latency 62 with calculated latencythreshold 22. At 512, a determination may be made whether sensor'smeasurement latency 62 is greater than or equal to latency threshold 22.If sensor's measurement latency 62 is less than latency threshold 22,the operations may revert to 502. On the other hand, if sensor'smeasurement latency 62 is greater than or equal to latency threshold 22,at 514, feedback 64 may be generated. In some embodiments, feedback 64may comprise an alert. In other embodiments, feedback 64 may comprise aninstruction to sensor 12 to change its measurement latency. Variousother feedback actions are also possible within the broad scope of theembodiments.

It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many moremodifications besides those already described are possible withoutdeparting from the inventive concepts disclosed herein. Moreover, ininterpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should beinterpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context.In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should beinterpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in anon-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements,components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with otherelements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Wherethe specification claims refers to at least one of something selectedfrom the group consisting of A, B, C . . . and N, the text should beinterpreted as requiring only one element from the group, not A plus N,or B plus N, etc.

The foregoing discussion provides many example embodiments of systemsand methods for alarm fatigue management. Although each embodimentrepresents a single combination of various elements, all possiblecombinations of the disclosed elements are intended to be included inthe broad scope of the disclosure. Thus if one embodiment compriseselements A, B, and C, and a second embodiment comprises elements Band D,then the scope of the disclosure is considered to include otherremaining combinations of A, B, C, or D, even if not explicitlydisclosed.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow,the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless thecontext clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the descriptionherein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise.

Unless the context dictates the contrary, all ranges set forth hereinshould be interpreted as being inclusive of their endpoints andopen-ended ranges should be interpreted to include only commerciallypractical values. Similarly, all lists of values should be considered asinclusive of intermediate values unless the context indicates thecontrary. Note that any recitation of ranges of values herein is merelyintended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually toeach separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicatedherein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification asif it were individually recited herein.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember can be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. One ormore members of a group can be included in, or deleted from, a group forreasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion ordeletion occurs, the specification is herein deemed to contain the groupas modified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markushgroups used in the appended claims.

[Note that in this Specification, references to various features (e.g.,elements, structures, modules, components, steps, operations,characteristics, etc.) included in “one embodiment”, “exampleembodiment”, “an embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “some embodiments”,“various embodiments”, “other embodiments”, “alternative embodiment”,and the like are intended to mean that any such features are included inone or more embodiments of the present disclosure, but may or may notnecessarily be combined in the same embodiments. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g. “such as”) provided with respectto certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminatethe invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of theembodiments otherwise claimed. No language in the specification shouldbe construed as indicating any non-claimed essential.

In example implementations, at least some portions of the activitiesoutlined herein may be implemented in software in, for example, alarmmanagement engine 12. In some embodiments, one or more of these featuresmay be implemented in hardware, provided external to these elements, orconsolidated in any appropriate manner to achieve the intendedfunctionality. The various network elements may include software (orreciprocating software) that can coordinate in order to achieve theoperations as outlined herein. In still other embodiments, theseelements may include any suitable algorithms, hardware, software,components, modules, interfaces, or objects that facilitate theoperations thereof.

Furthermore, adapter 16 and various other components described and shownherein (and/or its associated structures) may also include suitableinterfaces for receiving, transmitting, and/or otherwise communicatingdata or information in a network environment. Additionally, some of theprocessors and memory elements associated with the various nodes may beremoved, or otherwise consolidated such that a single processor and asingle memory element are responsible for certain activities. In ageneral sense, the arrangements depicted in the FIGURES may be morelogical in their representations, whereas a physical architecture mayinclude various permutations, combinations, and/or hybrids of theseelements. It is imperative to note that countless possible designconfigurations can be used to achieve the operational objectivesoutlined here. Accordingly, the associated infrastructure has a myriadof substitute arrangements, design choices, device possibilities,hardware configurations, software implementations, equipment options,etc. Moreover, all methods described herein can be performed in anysuitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context.

As used herein, and unless the context dictates otherwise, the term“coupled to” is intended to include both direct coupling (in which twoelements that are coupled to each other contact each other) and indirectcoupling (in which at least one additional element is located betweenthe two elements). Therefore, the terms “coupled to” and “coupled with”are used synonymously.

In some of example embodiments, one or more memory elements (e.g.,memory element 36, database 38) can store data used for the operationsdescribed herein. This includes the memory element being able to storeinstructions (e.g., software, logic, code, etc.) in non-transitory mediasuch that the instructions are executed to carry out the activitiesdescribed in this Specification. These devices may further keepinformation in any suitable type of non-transitory storage medium (e.g.,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), field programmablegate array (FPGA), erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM),EEPROM, etc., software, hardware, or in any other suitable component,device, element, or object where appropriate and based on particularneeds.

A processor can execute any type of instructions associated with thedata to achieve the operations detailed herein in this Specification. Inone example, processors (e.g., processor 34) could transform an elementor an article (e.g., data) from one state or thing to another state orthing. In another example, the activities outlined herein may beimplemented with fixed logic or programmable logic (e.g.,software/computer instructions executed by a processor) and the elementsidentified herein could be some type of a programmable processor,programmable digital logic (e.g., a field programmable gate array(FPGA), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), anelectrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)), an ASICthat includes digital logic, software, code, electronic instructions,flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, magnetic or opticalcards, other types of machine-readable mediums suitable for storingelectronic instructions, or any suitable combination thereof.

The information being tracked, sent, received, or stored in system 10could be provided in any database, register, table, cache, queue,control list, or storage structure, based on particular needs andimplementations, all of which could be referenced in any suitabletimeframe. Any of the memory items discussed herein should be construedas being encompassed within the broad term ‘memory element.’ Similarly,any of the potential processing elements, modules, and machinesdescribed in this Specification should be construed as being encompassedwithin the broad term ‘processor.’

It is also important to note that the operations and steps describedwith reference to the preceding FIGURES illustrate only some of thepossible scenarios that may be executed by, or within, the system. Someof these operations may be deleted or removed where appropriate, orthese steps may be modified or changed considerably without departingfrom the scope of the discussed concepts. In addition, the timing ofthese operations may be altered considerably and still achieve theresults taught in this disclosure. The preceding operational flows havebeen offered for purposes of example and discussion. Substantialflexibility is provided by the system in that any suitable arrangements,chronologies, configurations, and timing mechanisms may be providedwithout departing from the teachings of the discussed concepts.

Note also that the disclosed subject matter herein enables constructionor configuration of an adapter to operate on digital data (e.g., rawsensor data, alarm condition, etc.), beyond the capabilities of a humanor un-configured (e.g., off-the-shelf) medical device. Although thedigital data represents sensor data, it should be appreciated that thedigital data is a representation of one or more digital models of apatient's medical measurements (and other indicators) and not themeasurements (or indicators) themselves, which comprise activities oroperations performed by sensors and/or adapters. By instantiation ofsuch digital models in the memory of the adapter, the adapter is able tomanage the digital models in a manner that could provide utility to anindividual (e.g., a user of the system) that the individual would lackwithout such a tool.

It should also be noted that any language directed to a computer shouldbe read to include any suitable combination of computing devices,including servers, interfaces, systems, databases, agents, peers,engines, controllers, or other types of computing devices operatingindividually or collectively. One should appreciate the computingdevices comprise a processor configured to execute software instructionsstored on a tangible, non-transitory computer readable storage medium(e.g., hard drive, solid state drive, random access memory (RAM), flashmemory, read-only memory (ROM), etc.). The software instructions canconfigure a suitable computing device to provide the roles,responsibilities, or other functionality as discussed herein withrespect to the disclosed apparatus. In some embodiments, the variousservers, systems, databases, or interfaces exchange data usingstandardized protocols or algorithms, possibly based on hyper-texttransfer protocol (HTTP), hyper-text transfer protocol secure (HTTPS),Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), public-private key exchanges, webservice application programming interfaces (API's), known financialtransaction protocols, or other electronic information exchangingmethods. Data exchanges preferably are conducted over a packet-switchednetwork, the Internet, local area network (LAN), wide area network(WAN), virtual private network (VPN), or other type of packet switchednetwork.

As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow,when a system, engine, server, device, module, or other computingelement is described as configured to perform or execute functions ondata in a memory, the meaning of “configured to” or “programmed to”refers to one or more processors or cores of the computing element beingprogrammed by a set of software instructions stored in the memory of thecomputing element to execute the set of functions on target data or dataobjects stored in the memory.

One should appreciate that the disclosed techniques provide manyadvantageous technical effects including reduction in latency between acomputing device ingesting healthcare data and generating a predictionor recommendation. Latency is reduced through storage of health caredata in a memory and in the form of N-grams, which can becomputationally analyzed quickly.

Although the present disclosure has been described in detail withreference to particular arrangements and configurations, these exampleconfigurations and arrangements may be changed significantly withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure. For example,although the present disclosure has been described with reference toparticular communication exchanges involving certain network access andprotocols, system 10 may be applicable to other exchanges or routingprotocols. Moreover, although system 10 has been illustrated withreference to particular elements and operations that facilitate thecommunication process, these elements, and operations may be replaced byany suitable architecture or process that achieves the intendedfunctionality of system 10.

Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, andmodifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it isintended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes,substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as fallingwithin the scope of the appended claims. In order to assist the UnitedStates Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and, additionally, anyreaders of any patent issued on this application in interpreting theclaims appended hereto, Applicant wishes to note that the Applicant: (a)does not intend any of the appended claims to invoke paragraph six (6)or (f) of 35 U.S.C. section 112 as it exists on the date of the filinghereof unless the words “means for” or “step for” are specifically usedin the particular claims; and (b) does not intend, by any statement inthe specification, to limit this disclosure in any way that is nototherwise reflected in the appended claims.

1.-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for monitoring of a patient, the methodcomprising: monitoring a time delay between successive measurementstaken by a sensor connected with the patient; determining a time delaythreshold based on a health condition of the patient; comparing the timedelay with the time delay threshold; and generating an alarm based onthe comparison indicating that the time delay exceeds the time delaythreshold, said alarm indicating that the time delay is not suitable forthe health condition of the patient.
 22. The method of claim 21, whereinthe sensor comprises one or more of a GPS locator, a pulse monitor, ablood pressure monitor, a pulse oximeter, a galvanometer, a bloodglucose monitor, a body temperature monitor, or a catheter monitor. 23.The method of claim 21, wherein the sensor is configured to generatesensor data comprising one or more of location information, pulseinformation, blood pressure information, blood chemical concentrationlevel information, body temperature information, respiration levelinformation, or fluid level information.
 24. The method of claim 21,further comprising determining the health condition of the patient basedon one or more health condition factors.
 25. The method of claim 24,wherein the one or more health condition factors comprise one or more ofa location of the patient, a disease of the patient, a health conditionof the patient, a location of a physician, clinical pathways associatedwith the patient, a treatment regimen of a patient, genomic healthindicators of a patient, demographic information of the patient, orcontextual information of the patient.
 26. The method of claim 21,further comprising: sending the alarm to one or more locations.
 27. Themethod of claim 21, further comprising: changing the time delay of thesensor based on the comparison.
 28. An apparatus for monitoring apatient, the apparatus comprising: one or more hardware processorsconfigured to: monitor a time delay between successive measurementstaken by a sensor connected with the patient; determine a time delaythreshold based on a health condition of the patient; compare the timedelay with the time delay threshold; and generate an alarm based on thecomparison indicating that the time delay exceeds the time delaythreshold, said alarm indicating that the time delay is not suitable forthe health condition of the patient.
 29. The apparatus of claim 28,wherein the apparatus comprises an adapter comprising the one or morehardware processors.
 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the adapteris configured to be removably attached to the sensor.
 31. The apparatusof claim 29, wherein the adapter is integrated with the sensor.
 32. Theapparatus of claim 29, wherein the adapter is configured to wirelesslycommunicate with the sensor.
 33. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein theone or more hardware processors are further configured to send the alarmto one or more locations.
 34. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the oneor more hardware processors are further configured to change the timedelay of the sensor based on the comparison.
 35. A system for monitoringa patient, the system comprising: at least one sensor connected with thepatient; a computer system communicatively coupled with the at least onesensor, the computer system comprising one or more hardware processorsconfigured to: monitor a time delay between successive measurementstaken by the at least one sensor connected with the patient; determine atime delay threshold based on a health condition of the patient; comparethe time delay with the time delay threshold; and generate an alarmbased on the comparison indicating that the time delay exceeds the timedelay threshold, said alarm indicating that the time delay is notsuitable for the health condition of the patient.
 36. The system ofclaim 35, wherein the at least one sensor comprises one or more of a GPSlocator, a pulse monitor, a blood pressure monitor, a pulse oximeter, agalvanometer, a blood glucose monitor, a body temperature monitor, or acatheter monitor.
 37. The system of claim 35, wherein the at least onesensor is configured to generate sensor data comprising one or more oflocation information, pulse information, blood pressure information,blood chemical concentration level information, body temperatureinformation, respiration level information, or fluid level information.38. The system of claim 35, further comprising a network over which thecomputer system communicates with the at least one sensor.
 39. Thesystem of claim 35, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a firstsensor, a second sensor, and a third sensor.
 40. The system of claim 39,wherein the one or more hardware processors are further configured tochange the time delays of the second and third sensors in response tothe alarm based on the first sensor.